1. Tirohanga Whānui

Hei pūngao iti-waro me te pūngao ma, he āhuatanga rua te hau māori wai (LNG) arā, te tiaki taiao me te ōhanga pai. Kua riro te LNG hei pūtake hau matua, hei pūtake hau whakawhiti rānei mō ngā tāone kāore e taea te whakamahi i te hau māori paipa hei tuku hau i tēnei wā, ā, koinei anō hoki te pūtake hau tāpiri, te pūtake hau tino-rahi rānei mō te maha o ngā tāone e whakamahi ana i te hau māori paipa hei tuku hau. Ko te teihana whakapūngao LNG he teihana amiorangi mō te whiwhi, te penapena me te tohatoha LNG, ā, he wāhi whakatikatika waenga hoki mō ngā tāone, ngā kamupene hau rānei ki te whakawhiti LNG mai i ngā kaihanga ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. Me ngā painga o te wā hanga poto me te kaha ki te whakatutuki wawe i ngā hiahia o te mākete hau, Ngā teihana whakapūngao LNG kua āta hangaia i roto i ngā tāone iti me ngā tāone rahi i te takutai tonga-mā-rāwhiti o tōku whenua he ōhanga whanake me te korenga o te pūngao, ka noho hei whare tuku hau tūturu, hei whakawhiti rānei i mua i te taenga mai o ngā paipa hau māori. Whare tuku hau.

Ko te whānuitanga hoahoa tukanga o te teihana whakapūngao LNG ko te tango i te LNG, te pēhanga rokiroki, te whakamahana whakapūngao, te maimoatanga BOG, te tukunga haumaru, te whakahaere pēhanga me te ine, te kakara, me ētahi atu. Ko te hononga tango LNG, arā, hau māori waikura (LNG) ka rongoatia ki roto i ngā ipu tāke, ka haria ki te teihana hau mā roto i ngā waka tāke rori, ā, ka pēhia e te pūwhakakaha tango i runga i te papa tango, ā, ka tukuna te LNG ki te tāke rokiroki LNG pāmahana-iti mā te rerekētanga pēhanga. Nā te mea ka mahia tonutia te tango LNG i roto i tētahi wā, ā, ka uru atu ngā taraiwa me ngā pāhihi, ngā kaimahi whakahaere teihana, me ētahi atu, e pā tata ana ki te mahi haumaru o te teihana hau, ko te whakaaro haumaru ki te wāhi tango o ngā waka tāke LNG i roto i te hoahoa me whakaoho i te aro o te nuinga o ngā kaihoahoa hangarau.

2 Tātaritanga mōrearea LNG

2.1 Ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te LNG

Ko te pāmahana rokiroki o te LNG kei waenganui i te 166°C me te 157°C, ā, ko te mātotoru kei waenganui i te 430kg/m3 me te 470kg/m3. Nā te mea he waikura wai mārama te LNG, ka tukuna te mamaoa wai i te rangi ki ngā wāhi e turuturu ana, e puea ake ana rānei. Ka whakapūpū hei hanga i ngā kapua mamaoa ma. I roto i te tukanga rokiroki me te whakawhiti LNG, ka puta te hau BOG i muri i te turuturu wera. Ko tōna hanganga ka whakawhirinaki ki te hanganga o te wai. I te nuinga o te wā, kei roto i te hau kohua te 20% hauota, te 80% methane me te iti o te ethane. Ko te ihirangi hauota Ka taea te eke ki te 20 ngā wā o te ihirangi hauota i roto i te wai LNG.

He āhua mura, he āhua pahū hoki te LNG. I raro i te pāmahana iti o te 162 °C, ko te whānuitanga o te mura he 6% ki te 13% te rahinga. Ka rerekē te pāmahana mura o te LNG i te panonitanga o ngā wāhanga, ā, mā te pikinga o te nui o te warowaihā taumaha ka mura. Mā te hekenga o te pāmahana, i raro i te pēhanga hau, ko te pāmahana mura o te methane parakore he 650 ℃.

I raro i te pāmahana me te pēhanga noa, ka whakapūpū te LNG, ka huri hei āhua hau, arā, he hau māori. He ranunga maha-wāhanga te hau māori, ko te wāhanga matua he alkane, he iti noa te hauhā waro, te hauota me te mamaoa wai, me te iti o te herium, te argon me ētahi atu hau onge. E ai ki te whakarōpūtanga mōrearea ahi o "Code for Fire Protection of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Design", ko te taumata mōrearea ahi o te hau māori ko te Akomanga A me te B.

2.2 Ngā Tūponotanga o te LNG

I roto i te tukanga tango i te kaipuke LNG, ina puta he aituā, ka turuturu te LNG, ka horapa te LNG ki te taiao pāmahana me te pēhanga noa, kātahi ka huri hei āhua hau. Nō reira, me whai whakaaro ki ngā tūponotanga o te hau māori me te LNG i roto i te hoahoa hangarau.

(1) Mura, ā, pahū. He hau mura, ā, pahū te hau māori, ā, ka taea e ia te hanga i tētahi ranunga pahū ina turuturu ki te rangi, ā, ka mura tonu i te roanga o te pāmahana ki te 550 °C. Mēnā he wera nui, ka piki ake te pēhanga o roto o te ipu, ā, kei reira te tūponotanga o te pakaru me te pahū. Ko te rohe pahū o te hau māori he 5% ki te 15%. Ka turuturu te hau māori i roto i te ipu me te paipa ki te āhuarangi. Ina tae tōna kukū ki te rohe pahū, ka mura, ka pahū rānei ina tūtaki ki tētahi pūtake ahi. Ina iti iho te kukū o te hau māori i te rohe raro, kāore e pahū, e mura rānei ina tūtaki ki tētahi pūtake ahi. Ina teitei te kukū o te hau māori Ina tae ki te rohe o runga, kāore e pahū ina tūtaki ki tētahi pūtake ahi, engari ka taea te mura.

(2) He ngāwari te horapa. He pūngāwerewere te hau māori, ā, he iti ake te matotoru i te hau, nō reira, ehara i te mea ngāwari te noho ki ngā wāhi papaku i muri i te turuturu, ā, he kaha te horapa.

(3) Paitini. He ranunga hauwaiwai te hau māori, kāore he tae, kāore he kakara, kāore hoki he paitini, engari ki te roa te wā ka pāngia e te mate hinengaro. He hau "whakapūngā ira-kotahi" te methane. Ina nui rawa te kukū, ka tino heke te nui o te hāora i te hau, ka mate te manawa. Ina eke te methane i te hau ki te 25% ki te 30%, ka pāngia e te ānini, te whanoke, te ngenge, te kore e taea te arotahi, me ētahi atu.

(4) Te whānui wera. Ka whānui te rahinga o te hau māori i te pikinga o te pāmahana. Ina pāngia te paipa e te rā, ina tata rānei ki tētahi pūtake wera pāmahana teitei, ka whānui te hau māori nā te wera me te whānui, ka piki haere te pēhanga o roto o te paipa, ka pakaru te ipu me te turuturu o te hau māori.

(5) Te pāmahana iti me te whakamatao rawa o te LNG. Ko te pāmahana rokiroki o te LNG he -162 ℃. I muri i te turuturu, ka meinga e te kapua kohu matao, te kapua hau rānei ētahi rauemi e pā ana ki a ia kia pakarukaru, kia pakarukaru, kia heke rānei i te matao, ka hua ake he kino ki ngā paipa, ki ngā whakarewa, ki ngā hononga paipa me te turuturu. Ka puta he wera pāmahana iti, he hukapapa me ētahi atu tūponotanga ki te tinana tangata i te wai, i te hau rānei kua tino whakamatao.

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